The Industrial Revolution

Why did Industrialization begin in England first?
-"Workshop of the World"
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Canal: man made river -->networks
Early Canals
Britain's earliest transportation infrastructure
Mine & Forge (1840-1880)
More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
-"pudding" (1820)- "pig iron"
-"hot blast" (1829)- cheaper, purer steel.
-Bessemer process (1856)- strong, flexible steel.
Child Labor in the Mines
Child "hurriers"
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Industrial Revolution Warm Up

1. The Industrial Revolution took place in the United States and Europe
2. The Industrial Revolution took place from 1760 to 1914.
3. The Industrial Revolution was "industrial" since they became urban and built factories all around.
4. The Industrial Revolution was a "revolution" because there were so many new ideas and changed their way of life.
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"Dear Libya"

Dear Libya,
Now that you have successfully performed a revolution, set up a democracy establishing equal rights for citizens and fight your way out of poverty. Don't settle for mediocre. It will be difficult but it will be worth it. As Bolivar said "Liberty, says Rousseu, is a succulent morsel, but one difficult to digest..."
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Mod Civ Q1 Midterm Review Scavenger Hunt

1. The difference between the Roman republic and the Greek democracy was that:
-The Roman House of Representatives was one of the two houses of the early Roman republic.
-In Rome, only men with money and property could vote.
-In Greece, all free men were allowed to vote.
-In the Roman Senate, the most powerful part of the government, all senators were patricians.
-In the Greek government, retired soldiers were given automatic seats in the Senate.

It influenced the United States by helping create the idea of democracy and the benefits of it compared to a republic.

2. The rule of law was contributed by the ancient Hebrews to modern democracy.

3. Socrates: sent to trial accused of corrupting the youth, asks a lot of questions "what is the greatest god?", Teacher of Plato.
Plato: reason leads to genuine knowledge, equality of people at birth, Aristotle's teacher.
Aristotle: wrote a book, Politics, Plato's student.

4. a. Magna Carta- "due process of law", can't raise new taxes w/o consult, rights to English citizens
b. English Bill of Rights- limited monarchy limiting rulers' power
c. American Declaration of Independence- natural rights
d. US Constitution- created a federal republic
e. US Bill of Rights- detailed list of protections and rights
f. French Declaration of the Rights of Man- allowed all men to vote

5. a. Voltaire- French officials and aristocrats are corrupt and he spent a controversial life writing about religious and political freedom sarcastically.
b. Locke- said natural rights belonged to all humans at birth (life, liberty, and property)
c. Rosseau- people in natural state were good and believed there was inequality with the distribution of property
d. Montesquieu- division of powers in government in three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial
e. Diderot- changed the general way of thinking so he published a 28-volume set of books called the Encyclopedia
f. Mary Wollstonecraft- called for equal education for girls and boys

6. The Glorious Revolution was the overthrowing of King James II. It was a revolution since the people knew what they wanted and strived to get it. It was glorious since it was bloodless.

7. Enlightened despots are absolute rulers who used their power to bring about politocal and social change.
Ex) Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph II

8. Rococo art and the Enlightenment are connected since rococo art moved away from religion and was a bit "naughty" and the Enlightenment was a time of change.

9. - Inequalities among classes; First and Second estate don't have to pay taxes but the Third estate does.
-Taxes were being raised.
-Third Estate calls for privileged classes to pay their share, but they refused.
-The Third Estate wanted all three states to meet with votes counted "by head".
-The Third Estate was locked out and guarded from their meeting hall.
-The king planned to dissolve the Assembly of the Third Estate.

10. The government protected natural rights and then rewrote constitution and set up a republic.

11. Napoleon strengthened the central government, made peace with the Catholic chuch, and he developed the Napoleonic Code

12. The Napoleonic Code embodied the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism. It reflected the Enlightenment since it was the time of change and the Napoleonic code changed France's laws.

13. Napoleon made an unrealistic goal to conquer all of Europe. He was finally defeated at Waterloo and sent to Elba.

14. Congress of Vienna was where diplomats and heads of state sat down to restore stability and order in Europe. Francis I, Prince Clemens von Metternich, Tsar Alexander I, Lord Robert Castlereagh, Prince Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. They wanted to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy. The Congress of Vienna worked so well they set up the Concert of Europe to meet periodically.

15. a. Toussaint L'Ouverture- freed all slaves & leads a rebellion against French control
b. Simon Bolivar- led successful revolutions to overthrow Spain & create 5 diff. republics in South America.
c. Jose de San Martin- liberated Chile & Argentina w/ Bolivar's help and declared independence for Peru
d. Father Miguel Hidalgo- rang bell in Dolores to declare freedom to all Mexicans
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Revolutions

1. Glorious Revolution - restoring Roman Catholicism; the queen giving birth to a son fearing the loss of the Church of England
Meiji Restoration - foreign trading with the United States; signing a treaty and anti-foreign uprising
Islamic Revolution - modernizing Iran and undercutting the power of the Muslim clergy; tortured and executed critics leading to discontent

2.

Journal: "Occupy Wall Street"

The current demonstrations in the U.S. today are similar to the European revolutionary movements of the late 1700s and early 1800s because the common people are unhappy with the "higher ranked" people. I agree with Cain and think today's protesters don't have a good argument because I do think its their fault if their salary isn't as high as someone else's. I think they should take initiative in trying to get the salary they think they deserve and not blame it on anything or anyone else.
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(4:2) Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

French Rebels Win in 1830
-Both liberals and radicals responded forcefully rejected Charles X's belief in absolutism.
-Louis Philippe was named the "citizen king" since he dressed like his people, shook hands with the people, and just walked the streets casually.

The Spirit of Reform Spreads
-The Congress of Vienna united the Austrian Netherlands and the Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch king.
-Belgians resented the new arrangement and Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution.
-Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided up Poland.

The French Revolt Again in 1848
-A recession heightened the discontent with government and Paris was ripe for revolution once again.
-A number of demonstrators clashed with royal troops and were killed during the "February Days"
-Louis Philippe abdicated as turmoil spread.
-Upper- and middle-class interests won control over the government by June.
-Napoleon III proclaimed himself emperor and ended the short-lived Second Republic

Revolution Surges Through Europe
-Louis Kossuth demanded an independent government to end serfdom.
-Uprisings erupted in Italian states since nationalists wanted to end Hapsburg domination and set up a constitutional government.
-Divisions emerged over whether Germany should be a republic or a monarchy and to include Austria in a united German state.

Steve Jobs' Message

Steve Jobs wanted young people to go after what they loved. He doesn't want us to settle for mediocre. Steve Jobs wants young people to learn the value of life and death and success. He wants us to attain what we want and in the process learn useful things. He has learned so many through the unexpected occurrences in his life and he hopes we do too.
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(4:1) An Age of Ideologies

Conservatives Prefer the Old Order
-Conservatives work together in the Concert of Europe to support the political and social order before the French Revolution
-Conservatives wanted to restore the old order
-Conservatives: if change had to come, it must come slowly

Liberals and Nationalists Seek Change
-Liberals wanted gov't based on written constitutions and separation of powers
-Liberals supported laissez-faire
-Nationalism gave people w/ common heritage sense of identity and goal of own homeland

Central Europe Challenges the Old Order
-the Serbs revolted first in a guerrilla war against Ottomans
-Greeks revolted in 1821 and by 1830 Greece was independed
-Numerous problems erupted in 1820s against the Vienna peace settlement
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The Congress of Vienna

-The Bourbons restored to thrones of Europe
-Louis XVIII was king in France
-Europe's leaders met in Vienna, Austria for a Peace conference
-Int'l meeting called was "Congress" and now called "Congress of Vienna"

-Congress 1st goal: LEGITIMACY
»Only rulers from families before French Revolution should return to throne
»Napoleon's brothers removed from Holland and Spain
»Louis XVIII accepted throne w/ constitution limiting powers and promised equality in France

-2nd goal: redrawing of Map of Europe
»France reduced to pre-revolution France
»Finland and more of Poland given to Russia
»Italy remained a mix Kingdoms, Republics, and Papal States

-3rd goal: preserve "Status Quo" (way the things had always been)
»Hardest to maintain -->French Revolution and Napoleonic reforms gave people taste of equality and freedom

-Metternich was the "architect" of the Congress
-Marquis de Talleyrand represented France since he survived the revolution after being Napoleon's minister and now represents Louis XVIII
-During the Congress of Vienna, Napoleon escapes from Elba!
-Congress continues, thinking Napoleon will be defeated eventually
-Congress sends the Duke of Wellington to assemble an army
-After 100 days in power, Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo in Belgium
-Louis XVIII comes back and policies of the Congress of Vienna are now in place
-Land and 700,000,000 francs needed to pay back for Napoleon's takeover Waterloo -Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia signed a quadruple alliance
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