11:4 Questions

A.P.C. pg. 374 #1-2
1. It symbolizes the control of the other countries over Germany.

2. The artist was all for the treaty.

Assessment pg. 374 #1,3,4
1. pandemic : spread of disease across a large area
reparations : payments for war damage
radicals : people who wanted to make extreme changes
collective security : system when a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
mandate : territories administered by Western powers

3. Europe, in general, was happy they won the war. Germany, however, was distraught due to the reparations they have to pay.

4. Self-determination led to the creation of Poland, the Baltic states and Yugoslavia. However, treaties ignored non European people's rights.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Versailles Treaty: Success or Failure?

The Versaille Treaty was both a success and a failure because
1. It worked for a small amount of time.
2. It was the first attempt to making a group to preserve the world peace.
3. It failed due to the second world war.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Word War I - Video Footage

BEFORE WATCHING
1. Terrified
2. Proud
3. Overwhelmed
4. Eager
5. Scatterbrained

AFTER WATCHING
1. Exhausted
2. Anguish
3. Fear
4. Hardships
5. Excited
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

"All Quiet on the Western Front"

1. The silence was overwhelming him. He felt bad for killing him so he felt obligated to talk to the dead French soldier and apologize.

2. He means your eyes are opened to realization too late.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

"Life in the Trenches"

1. A soldier could just be in a trench and a random bomb shell-burst could kill them.
2. I think the rats would be the worst because they were uncontrollable and capable of eating human eyes and liver.
3. Men were free to read or write letters to send home. They also slept as much as possible.
4. Because they had the trenches which was the place they slept and ate. All the had to do was maintain it.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

11:2 Review Questions

1. stalement- important because battle lines stayed the same
zeppelin- easier way to bomb English coast
U-boats- did tremendous damage to Allies
convoy- used to protect warships
Dardanelles- connected Black Sea and the Mediterranean
T.E. Lawrence- supported Arab revolt
3. Both sides built big trenches for protection.
4. Better artillery helped fight off the enemies, poison gas made it easier to kill, and tanks let them navigate easier.
5. People would've have been hopeless and angry.
6. Nationalism brought death and deportation to Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Causes of World War I

1. Industrialism
*2. Imperialst rivalry
*3. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
*4. Tangling web of alliances
5. Fear of British hegemony
6. Nationalism
7. Militarism and the Arms Race
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Nationalism Heightens - "This Place About To Blow"

Francis Joseph (Franz Joseph) inherits the Hapsburg throne
-Austria-Hungary : "multinational" empire
-Hapsburg family crushes nationalist rebellion
-ruled 1848-1916 (18 yrs old)
-Slavic unrest started on emperor's reign

The Ottoman Empire
"The Sick Man of Europe"
-Balkan nationalists revolve against Turks
-Russia >> north
-Austria-Hungary takes Bosnia-Herzegovina
-Balkans fighting OT and each other -- virtual "powder keg"

Russia:
Reform, Repression, Revolution
-Russian peasants lived in poverty
-Russia's loss in Crimean War in 1856 showed how "backward" Russia was
-"Tsar" is a Russian version of "ceasar"--emperor
-tsars of 1800s claimed to be reformers
-reality --> repressive
*secret police, arrests
*strict censorship
*exiling liberals
*persecution of non-Russian groups in empire

Pogroms in Russia: Anti-Jewish Violence
-Russia: large Jewish population
-govn't blamed Jews for assasiantion of Alexander II so gangs committed pogroms against Jews
-more violence erupted when Jews blamed for Revolution of 1905
-fled to America and Zionism for safety

Revolution of 1905
-Russia lost Russo-Japanese War of 1904
-reform turns into bloodbath at Winter Palace
-"Bloody Sunday" discontent in Russia
-Tsar Nicholas II promised freedom & change
-arrests, pogroms, executions

Irish Potato Famine
-British rule: 3/4 of Irish farmland's crops sent to Britain
-fungal blight destroyed crops 1845
-wheat & oats fine & exported
-resulted to "Great Hunger"
-1 million died
-left for Canada and U.S. and emigrated

France bitter about Franco-Prussian War
-1871 starving Parisians reduced to eating rats and circus animals
-Socialists and conservatives class in civil war
-French looked for scapegoat and revenge

"White Man's Burden"
-idea in late 1800s that white man's obligation to civilize and Christianize the "dark peoples of the world"
-phrase titled poem by Rudyard Kipling
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Journal - "Alliances"

Someone who I thought was my friend thought she was in the place to answer or confirm a rumor about me and another person. It was definitely not true and she made things worse by saying she knew the whole story but she really didn't. She wasn't there. She wouldn't have known at all. She created a big deal with it.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

11:1 Notes

Alliances Draw Lines
-Triple Alliance with France, Great Britain, and the United States
-Triple Entente

Musical Nationalism

Composer, Work, Country, What's heard?, Feeling evoked?
1. Fryderyk Chopin, "minute Waltz", Poland, violin, Disneyland.
2. Edvard Grieg, "Morning" from Peer Gynt, Norway, Flute, nature.
3. Bedrich Smetana, "Ma Vlast" ("My Country"), Czech, violin, ballroom dancing. 4. Antonin Dvorak, "Slavonic Dance #8", Czech, violin, dream fantasy.
5. Jean Sibelius, "Finlandia", Finland, trumpet/drums, death after war.
6. Ottorino Respighi, "Pines of Rome", Italy, chimes, chase.
7. Richard Wagner, "Ride of the Valkyries", Germany, violin, love
8. Aaron Copland, "Hoe Down", USA, bongo drum, trumpet, universal studios/horses.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

"Blood and Iron" Speech

1. Nationalism is a group of people for a common cause and pride. It shows German nationalism by supporting and having pride in Germany.

2. Otto von Bismarck led the drive for German unity by taking control (blood and iron)
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Journal: Proud Americans

To me, being an American is living and being a citizen in a free country. Where peoples' rights are protected through the Bill of Rights. Americans express their pride through songs, waving flags, and wearing their red, white and blue colors. The times where there is stronger, more vocal are the 4th of July and when there's a big calamity in the world. I think those are the times when Americans show their pride the most.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Karl Marx Reading

1. He wouldn't have approved of communism because he wanted people to work together, not be against each other.

2. No because nothing can ever be done that smoothly with no complications. Also, it hasn't worked anywhere else. America only looks out for their own selves.

3. Technology because almost everyone uses technology in their every day life and it keeps improving.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

One Slide Projects

David Ricardo
- didn't want the working class to escape poverty
Monopolies and Regulations
- if there are too many businesses, other companies would not be able to compete and prosper
Telephone
- 1876 inspired by Morse Code, big invention progressed
James Watt and the Steam Engine
- improved steam engine by having less waste of energy, improved power, and efficiency
The Second Agricultural Revolution
- 18th century improved quality and quantity of farm products (crop rotation, mixing soils, Dikes)
Enclosure System
- rich land-owners would take over land formerly shared by peasants
- farm laborers thrown out of work and forced off land
Darby Family and Iron
- new ways to produce iron
- coal to smelt iron (less expensive, better quality)
Capital, Enterprise, and Entrepreneurs
- invest in enterprises and manage financial risks in starting businesses
Putting-out System
-raw cotton distributed to families to spin into thread
Stench, Sickness, & Urbanization
- rapid urbanization > go to city to work, no place to live
- no sanitary place to live (diseases spread)
The Industrial and Working Classes
- working> owned and operated factories, mines, railroads
Factory Workers & Conditions
- treated with disrespect, harsh conditions
- owners only cared for profit and exploited workers
Miners Conditions
- more coal and iron but worse conditions
- flooding, explosions, collapsing tunnels, lung disease
Thomas Malthus
- British economist thought population rising would lead to food supplies stopping
Marxism
- idealistic views of Communism by Marx and Engles
- a redibution of wealth and equalizing social status
Economic Systems
- capitalism - allows individuals to exchange things
- central government - planned by government
- mixed economy - free enterprise and socialist characteristics
Centers of Industry in 1871
- an increase of manufacturing
Henry Bessemer and Founding of Steel
- steel better than iron since its stronger and lighter than iron making it easier to transport
Michael Faraday and Thomas Edison
- Faraday created simple electric motor and a dynamo
- Edison made electric light bulb
Interchangeable Parts and Assembly Line
- identical parts can replace each other
- belt that moves parts of a product
Sidewalks, Sewers, Skyscrapers, and Slum Conditions
- paved streets made urban area livable
- sewage made cities healthier
- urban life for poor - crammed into single room
Labor Unions Begin To Grow
- associations of workers dedicated to maintaining safer work environments
- professional standards for members
Causes and Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Causes
- population growth
- Improved technologies
- Strong, stable governments
- new sources of energy
Effects
-
Lure of City/Standards of Living
- measures quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society
Electricity Changes the World
- advanced technologies

Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

How the Other Half Lives

1. Sunlight and fresh air because you only get a tiny bit of each since its so tightly packed in the tenement.
2. You would hear coughing and panting. You would smell stench and poison. You would see thirst and hunger.
3. The clothes lines represents the wanting to be honest, pure, and clean.
4. 1. Caged living space
2. Unclean necessities
3. A strip of canvas for a bed.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Child Labour in England

1. They start working at around 7 or 8 years old and their work day is 11 and a half hours.
2. The advantage is that children are healthy and can work longer cause they have a lot of energy.
3. He responds by saying that the children are sent to school for an hour after they've finished their work.
4. It would never happen because women will have no interest in mistreating them because women bear children and they know what its like to have one.
5. Consumption is tuberculosis and he rationalized this by consumption was the disease of the English.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Engles Reading and Questions

1a. The railways opened the districts up for people to see.
1b. He feels that they are filthy and disgusting because it has not been exposed.

2. He feels that the Industrial Revolution is effective but has negative sides to it.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

The Industrial Revolution

Why did Industrialization begin in England first?
-"Workshop of the World"
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Canal: man made river -->networks
Early Canals
Britain's earliest transportation infrastructure
Mine & Forge (1840-1880)
More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
-"pudding" (1820)- "pig iron"
-"hot blast" (1829)- cheaper, purer steel.
-Bessemer process (1856)- strong, flexible steel.
Child Labor in the Mines
Child "hurriers"
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Industrial Revolution Warm Up

1. The Industrial Revolution took place in the United States and Europe
2. The Industrial Revolution took place from 1760 to 1914.
3. The Industrial Revolution was "industrial" since they became urban and built factories all around.
4. The Industrial Revolution was a "revolution" because there were so many new ideas and changed their way of life.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

"Dear Libya"

Dear Libya,
Now that you have successfully performed a revolution, set up a democracy establishing equal rights for citizens and fight your way out of poverty. Don't settle for mediocre. It will be difficult but it will be worth it. As Bolivar said "Liberty, says Rousseu, is a succulent morsel, but one difficult to digest..."
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Mod Civ Q1 Midterm Review Scavenger Hunt

1. The difference between the Roman republic and the Greek democracy was that:
-The Roman House of Representatives was one of the two houses of the early Roman republic.
-In Rome, only men with money and property could vote.
-In Greece, all free men were allowed to vote.
-In the Roman Senate, the most powerful part of the government, all senators were patricians.
-In the Greek government, retired soldiers were given automatic seats in the Senate.

It influenced the United States by helping create the idea of democracy and the benefits of it compared to a republic.

2. The rule of law was contributed by the ancient Hebrews to modern democracy.

3. Socrates: sent to trial accused of corrupting the youth, asks a lot of questions "what is the greatest god?", Teacher of Plato.
Plato: reason leads to genuine knowledge, equality of people at birth, Aristotle's teacher.
Aristotle: wrote a book, Politics, Plato's student.

4. a. Magna Carta- "due process of law", can't raise new taxes w/o consult, rights to English citizens
b. English Bill of Rights- limited monarchy limiting rulers' power
c. American Declaration of Independence- natural rights
d. US Constitution- created a federal republic
e. US Bill of Rights- detailed list of protections and rights
f. French Declaration of the Rights of Man- allowed all men to vote

5. a. Voltaire- French officials and aristocrats are corrupt and he spent a controversial life writing about religious and political freedom sarcastically.
b. Locke- said natural rights belonged to all humans at birth (life, liberty, and property)
c. Rosseau- people in natural state were good and believed there was inequality with the distribution of property
d. Montesquieu- division of powers in government in three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial
e. Diderot- changed the general way of thinking so he published a 28-volume set of books called the Encyclopedia
f. Mary Wollstonecraft- called for equal education for girls and boys

6. The Glorious Revolution was the overthrowing of King James II. It was a revolution since the people knew what they wanted and strived to get it. It was glorious since it was bloodless.

7. Enlightened despots are absolute rulers who used their power to bring about politocal and social change.
Ex) Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph II

8. Rococo art and the Enlightenment are connected since rococo art moved away from religion and was a bit "naughty" and the Enlightenment was a time of change.

9. - Inequalities among classes; First and Second estate don't have to pay taxes but the Third estate does.
-Taxes were being raised.
-Third Estate calls for privileged classes to pay their share, but they refused.
-The Third Estate wanted all three states to meet with votes counted "by head".
-The Third Estate was locked out and guarded from their meeting hall.
-The king planned to dissolve the Assembly of the Third Estate.

10. The government protected natural rights and then rewrote constitution and set up a republic.

11. Napoleon strengthened the central government, made peace with the Catholic chuch, and he developed the Napoleonic Code

12. The Napoleonic Code embodied the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism. It reflected the Enlightenment since it was the time of change and the Napoleonic code changed France's laws.

13. Napoleon made an unrealistic goal to conquer all of Europe. He was finally defeated at Waterloo and sent to Elba.

14. Congress of Vienna was where diplomats and heads of state sat down to restore stability and order in Europe. Francis I, Prince Clemens von Metternich, Tsar Alexander I, Lord Robert Castlereagh, Prince Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. They wanted to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy. The Congress of Vienna worked so well they set up the Concert of Europe to meet periodically.

15. a. Toussaint L'Ouverture- freed all slaves & leads a rebellion against French control
b. Simon Bolivar- led successful revolutions to overthrow Spain & create 5 diff. republics in South America.
c. Jose de San Martin- liberated Chile & Argentina w/ Bolivar's help and declared independence for Peru
d. Father Miguel Hidalgo- rang bell in Dolores to declare freedom to all Mexicans
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Revolutions

1. Glorious Revolution - restoring Roman Catholicism; the queen giving birth to a son fearing the loss of the Church of England
Meiji Restoration - foreign trading with the United States; signing a treaty and anti-foreign uprising
Islamic Revolution - modernizing Iran and undercutting the power of the Muslim clergy; tortured and executed critics leading to discontent

2.

Journal: "Occupy Wall Street"

The current demonstrations in the U.S. today are similar to the European revolutionary movements of the late 1700s and early 1800s because the common people are unhappy with the "higher ranked" people. I agree with Cain and think today's protesters don't have a good argument because I do think its their fault if their salary isn't as high as someone else's. I think they should take initiative in trying to get the salary they think they deserve and not blame it on anything or anyone else.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

(4:2) Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

French Rebels Win in 1830
-Both liberals and radicals responded forcefully rejected Charles X's belief in absolutism.
-Louis Philippe was named the "citizen king" since he dressed like his people, shook hands with the people, and just walked the streets casually.

The Spirit of Reform Spreads
-The Congress of Vienna united the Austrian Netherlands and the Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch king.
-Belgians resented the new arrangement and Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution.
-Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided up Poland.

The French Revolt Again in 1848
-A recession heightened the discontent with government and Paris was ripe for revolution once again.
-A number of demonstrators clashed with royal troops and were killed during the "February Days"
-Louis Philippe abdicated as turmoil spread.
-Upper- and middle-class interests won control over the government by June.
-Napoleon III proclaimed himself emperor and ended the short-lived Second Republic

Revolution Surges Through Europe
-Louis Kossuth demanded an independent government to end serfdom.
-Uprisings erupted in Italian states since nationalists wanted to end Hapsburg domination and set up a constitutional government.
-Divisions emerged over whether Germany should be a republic or a monarchy and to include Austria in a united German state.

Steve Jobs' Message

Steve Jobs wanted young people to go after what they loved. He doesn't want us to settle for mediocre. Steve Jobs wants young people to learn the value of life and death and success. He wants us to attain what we want and in the process learn useful things. He has learned so many through the unexpected occurrences in his life and he hopes we do too.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

(4:1) An Age of Ideologies

Conservatives Prefer the Old Order
-Conservatives work together in the Concert of Europe to support the political and social order before the French Revolution
-Conservatives wanted to restore the old order
-Conservatives: if change had to come, it must come slowly

Liberals and Nationalists Seek Change
-Liberals wanted gov't based on written constitutions and separation of powers
-Liberals supported laissez-faire
-Nationalism gave people w/ common heritage sense of identity and goal of own homeland

Central Europe Challenges the Old Order
-the Serbs revolted first in a guerrilla war against Ottomans
-Greeks revolted in 1821 and by 1830 Greece was independed
-Numerous problems erupted in 1820s against the Vienna peace settlement
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

The Congress of Vienna

-The Bourbons restored to thrones of Europe
-Louis XVIII was king in France
-Europe's leaders met in Vienna, Austria for a Peace conference
-Int'l meeting called was "Congress" and now called "Congress of Vienna"

-Congress 1st goal: LEGITIMACY
»Only rulers from families before French Revolution should return to throne
»Napoleon's brothers removed from Holland and Spain
»Louis XVIII accepted throne w/ constitution limiting powers and promised equality in France

-2nd goal: redrawing of Map of Europe
»France reduced to pre-revolution France
»Finland and more of Poland given to Russia
»Italy remained a mix Kingdoms, Republics, and Papal States

-3rd goal: preserve "Status Quo" (way the things had always been)
»Hardest to maintain -->French Revolution and Napoleonic reforms gave people taste of equality and freedom

-Metternich was the "architect" of the Congress
-Marquis de Talleyrand represented France since he survived the revolution after being Napoleon's minister and now represents Louis XVIII
-During the Congress of Vienna, Napoleon escapes from Elba!
-Congress continues, thinking Napoleon will be defeated eventually
-Congress sends the Duke of Wellington to assemble an army
-After 100 days in power, Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo in Belgium
-Louis XVIII comes back and policies of the Congress of Vienna are now in place
-Land and 700,000,000 francs needed to pay back for Napoleon's takeover Waterloo -Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia signed a quadruple alliance
-
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Napoleon Quiz and Journal

1. Noble
2. Formal
3. Brave
4. Mighty
5. Distinguished

1. Stubborn
2. Worried
3. Serious

1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. B
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Napoleon: Hero or Villain?

Napoleon, a French Hero
1. Strengthened the central government
2. Made peace with the Catholic Church
3. Napoleonic Code

Napoleon, a "Bad Guy"
1. Let 580,000 soldiers die trying to conquer Russia
2. Women lost most of their gained rights
3. Failed to make Europe a French empire

I think Napoleon should be remembered as a hero since he won so many battles for France. He made an impact that reached across the Atlantic.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Illustrated Timeline

IBSA Video Guide

Part III: Reign of Terror
Interesting: 16,000 people were beheaded in the Terror
Boring: government controls price on bread
Strange: Robespierre paranoid of people killing him, died via guillotine
Awesome!: rampant guillotine deaths

Robespierre: Reign of Terror
Interesting: Robespierre wanted to use more terror to create a republic
Boring:
Strange: no one can call anyone monsieur or madame
Awesome!: Robespierre was the last to die in the Terror

Coroner's Report: Guillotine:
No notes are required

The French Revolution Song:
Interesting: enlightenment ideas entered people's ears
Boring: the king of france was absolute
Strange: the estate general has revoked
Awesome!: the king and queen tried to escape and were caught and set on house arrest
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

The Radical Days of the Revolution (3:3 Questions)

1. Yes it was right since he purposely created problems for the people and he also took advantage of his power.
2. Robespierre wanted to end the Terror in Paris and he brought upon the guillotine.
3. Robespierre assumed responsibility at an early age and he was snubbed so it led to him wanting to be successful.
4. They chose the guillotine because they said it would lead to a painless death.
5. It was a success because they made peace with Prussia and Spain however it failed because there was chaos when politicians turned to Napoleon
6. The French had a new leader (Napoleon), there was a military draft, the French had Nationalism, everyone was equal, and elaborate fashions became practical clothing.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Sans-culottes Sensory Figure

I SEE... civilians getting involved in the revolution.
I SMELL... gun powder, blood, and sweat mixing together.
I HEAR... screams of agony from my fellow men.
I FEEL... the dryness of my mouth.
I TASTE... the hard dough of bread we're barely given.
I FEEL... sadness because our nation has to go through these hardships.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

The French Revolution

4 Phases of Revolution
1. National Assembly (1789-1791)
2. The Radical Phase (1792-1795)
3. The Directory (1795-1799)
4. Age of Napoleon (1799-1815)

National Assembly
-"Great Fear"
-Special privileges end for the Nobles
-Declaration of the Rights of Man passed
-"Liberty, property, and security"
-Gov't exists to protect natural rights
-Constitution of 1791 establishes a limited monarchy
-Monarchies of Europe fearing "The French Plague" get agitates by emigres, causing prep for war
-Continued financial woes breed discontent with people

Radical Phase
-Sans-culottes & Jacobins capitalize on growing discontent and take over the legislature
-rewrite constitution
-abolish monarchy
-set up a republic
-seize nobles land & abolish their titles
-have a trial for and execute Louis XVI
-go to war w/ Europe over revolution vs. monarchy

Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

3:2 Assessment Questions

1. Factions - A variety of factions competed to gain power in France.
Marquis de Lafayette - Lafayette fought along Washington in the American Revolution and headed the National Guard.
Olympe de Gouges - She demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen.
Marie Antoinette - She lived a life of pleasure and extravagance.
Emigres - Emigres reported attacks on their privileges and properties and turned against France.
Sans-culottes - sans-culottes pushed the revolution more radically.
Republic - Many sans-culottes demanded a republic instead of a monarch.
Jacobins - They advanced the republican cause.

3. They are similar because they protect its citizens' rights. They're both very detailed on the rights listed.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Causes of the French Revolution

1. Inequalities among classes; First and Second estate don't have to pay taxes but the Third estate does.
2. Taxes were being raised.
3. Third Estate calls for privileged classes to pay their share, but they refused.
4. The Third Estate wanted all three states to meet with votes counted "by head".
5. The Third Estate was locked out and guarded from their meeting hall.
6. The king planned to dissolve the Assembly of the Third Estate.

Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Chapter 2 Review

Page 78
1. In a FEDERAL REPUBLIC, power is divided between the federal government and the states.
2. MONTESQUIEU advanced the idea of separation of powers.
3. The ROCOCO style influenced by the Enlightenment was personal, elegant, and charming.
4. The enlightened despot who ended censorship was JOSEPH II.
5. The American Revolution ended when George Washington forced the surrender of the British at YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA.
6. JOHN LOCKE believed in NATURAL RIGHTS, which are the rights to life, liberty, and property.
7. John Locke advocated the protection by the government of people's natural rights.

9. Enlightened despots were inspired to bring about political and social change in their countries.
10. American colonies fought for no taxation without representation against the British government.
11. The Bill of Rights highlight the enlightenment by protecting citizens' life, liberty, and property.
12. The Enlightenment changed how people looked at things. People realized that they have rights that should be protected and if not met, they could overthrow the government.

14. It would force the production of plenty more new ideas in other places because the Enlightenment helped Americans think of things they haven't seen before and it worked for them.

Page 79
1. Kant believes in ____ based on Document B.
A. Freedom of religion
2. In Document C, the author condemned.
A. Torture
3. Catherine the Great and Diderot pictured in Document D are most likely
B. Sharing enlightenment ideas. 

Birth of the American Republic (2:3)

Britain Becomes a Global Power
     -England's location was a key sense to their control of trade.
     -England's territory expanded.
     -Britain was generally the on the winning side of European conflicts.
     -England's climate was favorable to business and commerce.
  George III wanted to reassert royal power and end Whig domination.
The 13 Colonies in the Mid-1700s
  13 prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America and were part of Britain's growing empire.
  The colonies were home to diverse religious and ethnic groups and social distinctions were more blurred than Europe.
Colonists Express Discontent
  The wars drained the British treasury so King George III passed the Sugar Act and Stamp Act which led to protesting "No taxation without representation."
  George Washington was part of the meeting of the political and social leaders of the 13 colonies to determine what to do with the harsh laws passed.
  Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, getting ideas from Locke's natural rights idea.
The American Revolution Continues
   The first turning point in the war was the American victory in the Battle of Saratoga.
   Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia
A New Constitution
   The nation's leaders included George Washington, James Madison and Benjamin Franklin to gather once more for the Articles of Confederation.
   The Constitution created a federal republic.
   The Constitution of the United States was the most progressive government of its day.

Enlightenment Ideas Spread (2:2)

New Ideas Challenge Society
Writers Face Censorship
     Government and church waged a war of censorship to restrict access to ideas and information
     Some philosophers and writers hide their ideas in works of fiction
Ideas Spread in Salons
     New information were regular topics in salons (informal social gathering where they exchange ideas)
     Salons originated in the 1600s in Paris
     Madame Geoffrin had the most respected salon and had Mozart play for her guests and Diderot was a regular.

Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas
From Grandeur to Charm
     Baroque paintings - huge, colorful, full of excitement and glorified historic battles or lives of saints
     Rocco style was developed by Louis XV and his court's informal lifestyle
The Enlightenment Inspires Composers
     Classical music evolved as well as ballets and operas performed at royal courts
     Johann Sebastian Bach wrote religious works for organs and choirs (Messiah)
     Franz Joseph Haydn developed forms for the string quartet and the symphony
The Novel Takes Shape
     Many people liked stories that happened in their own times in the 1700s that resulted in an outpour of novels

Enlightened Despots Embrace New Ideas
Frederick II Attempts Reform
     Frederick the Great - "first servant of the state" with a duty for the common good despite having an extremely tight control over subjects
     Reduce torture and allow free press (praised Voltaire)
     Recognized religious differences, civil service, and simplified laws
Catherine the Great Studies Philosophes' Works
     Catherine II - implemented Enlightenment ideas when became Russian empress
     granted nobles a charter of rights but still held power
Joseph II Continues Reform
      worked to improve peasants' way of life
     Maria Teresa's son Joseph II supported religious equality and ended censorship
     abolished serfdom

Lives of the Majority Change Slowly
     Radical ideas about equality and social justice seeped into peasant villages

Words of the World: ENLIGHTENMENT

+Age of Reason - looked to reason to explain things. (light of reason)
+Kant, German philosopher - mankind grows out of immaturity
+During the mid-1600s until the end of French Revolution
+Idea of Enlightenment - people began to want to think for themselves
+Kant "dare to know"
+not religion telling you, its rational thought
+challenges authority
+the Enlightenment is seen as "ending" with the American Revolution and the French Revolution
+Dark side: slave trade increases --> ironically celebrating "freedom"

Democratic Developments in England

Growth of Royal Power
Common Law
-In 1154, Henry II broadened the system of royal justice (accepted customs)
-common law: a legal system based on custom and court rulings.
-Began to standardize laws and punishments.
-Under Henry II, they adopted the jury system.

Evolving Traditions of Government
The Magna Carta
-Henry's son John was greedy and angered nobles with oppressive taxes and abuses of power.
-In 1215, the Magna Carta was forced by rebels to be signed by John that listed feudal rights.
>"Due process of law"
>Can't raise new taxes without consulting Great Council
>Rights extended to English citizens
>Monarch must obey the law
Development of Parliament
-Great Council evolved into Parliament ("parler" - to talk)
-"What touches all should be approved by all. " -Edward I
-Model Parliament over time developed into House of Lords and House of Commons.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Sources of Democratic Tradition

Roman Contribution
Written Law
-The Roman Republic - govn't where leaders elected to represent constituents
-Senate made up patricians - wealthy
-Senate chooses two executives to rule; consuls could only serve one term and consult Senate with big decisions
-The working class (plebeians) forced written law code w/ the Twelve Tables

Power to the Plebeians
-Twelve Tables established that free citizens had right to protection of the law and laws would be fairly administered (equal protection)
-Plebeians had nothing, but they eventually won the right to elect tribunes to represent the common man
-Tribunes had power to veto decisions that were harmful to Plebeians
-Over time, plebeians won right to serve in Roman Senate

Romans
Justinian Code
-6th century Byzantine emperor organizes all laws of Ancient Rome
-Commission establishes the Body of Civil Law
-His work of organizing laws lasts for millennia.

Christianity
Principles
-Jesus taught God's love and need for justice, morality, and service.
-"Love your neighbor as yourself" and "if anyone hits you on the cheek, let him hit the other one to"
-"It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle..."
-Early Christians emphasized equality by calling each other "brother" and "sister"
-All are equal in God's eyes.

Synthesis
-Greco-Roman law is based on logic and reason.
-Judeo-Christian law is based on faith in God.
-Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian, and modern democracy all hold that no one is above the law.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile

Four Questions

1. Plato is against tyranny because he wants to have a just state and just individuals in the state. Not a single person leading.
2. Aristotle believes that an order of succession implies law.
3. The golden mean is having balance in your life. Nothing too simple and too extreme. No, I do not because I obsess over little things.
4. Plato wanted philosopher-kings since they would be knowledgeable with order and justice and how to handle complications.
Sent via BlackBerry from T-Mobile