-The Roman House of Representatives was one of the two houses of the early Roman republic.
-In Rome, only men with money and property could vote.
-In Greece, all free men were allowed to vote.
-In the Roman Senate, the most powerful part of the government, all senators were patricians.
-In the Greek government, retired soldiers were given automatic seats in the Senate.
It influenced the United States by helping create the idea of democracy and the benefits of it compared to a republic.
2. The rule of law was contributed by the ancient Hebrews to modern democracy.
3. Socrates: sent to trial accused of corrupting the youth, asks a lot of questions "what is the greatest god?", Teacher of Plato.
Plato: reason leads to genuine knowledge, equality of people at birth, Aristotle's teacher.
Aristotle: wrote a book, Politics, Plato's student.
4. a. Magna Carta- "due process of law", can't raise new taxes w/o consult, rights to English citizens
b. English Bill of Rights- limited monarchy limiting rulers' power
c. American Declaration of Independence- natural rights
d. US Constitution- created a federal republic
e. US Bill of Rights- detailed list of protections and rights
f. French Declaration of the Rights of Man- allowed all men to vote
5. a. Voltaire- French officials and aristocrats are corrupt and he spent a controversial life writing about religious and political freedom sarcastically.
b. Locke- said natural rights belonged to all humans at birth (life, liberty, and property)
c. Rosseau- people in natural state were good and believed there was inequality with the distribution of property
d. Montesquieu- division of powers in government in three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial
e. Diderot- changed the general way of thinking so he published a 28-volume set of books called the Encyclopedia
f. Mary Wollstonecraft- called for equal education for girls and boys
6. The Glorious Revolution was the overthrowing of King James II. It was a revolution since the people knew what they wanted and strived to get it. It was glorious since it was bloodless.
7. Enlightened despots are absolute rulers who used their power to bring about politocal and social change.
Ex) Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph II
8. Rococo art and the Enlightenment are connected since rococo art moved away from religion and was a bit "naughty" and the Enlightenment was a time of change.
9. - Inequalities among classes; First and Second estate don't have to pay taxes but the Third estate does.
-Taxes were being raised.
-Third Estate calls for privileged classes to pay their share, but they refused.
-The Third Estate wanted all three states to meet with votes counted "by head".
-The Third Estate was locked out and guarded from their meeting hall.
-The king planned to dissolve the Assembly of the Third Estate.
10. The government protected natural rights and then rewrote constitution and set up a republic.
11. Napoleon strengthened the central government, made peace with the Catholic chuch, and he developed the Napoleonic Code
12. The Napoleonic Code embodied the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism. It reflected the Enlightenment since it was the time of change and the Napoleonic code changed France's laws.
13. Napoleon made an unrealistic goal to conquer all of Europe. He was finally defeated at Waterloo and sent to Elba.
14. Congress of Vienna was where diplomats and heads of state sat down to restore stability and order in Europe. Francis I, Prince Clemens von Metternich, Tsar Alexander I, Lord Robert Castlereagh, Prince Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. They wanted to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy. The Congress of Vienna worked so well they set up the Concert of Europe to meet periodically.
15. a. Toussaint L'Ouverture- freed all slaves & leads a rebellion against French control
b. Simon Bolivar- led successful revolutions to overthrow Spain & create 5 diff. republics in South America.
c. Jose de San Martin- liberated Chile & Argentina w/ Bolivar's help and declared independence for Peru
d. Father Miguel Hidalgo- rang bell in Dolores to declare freedom to all Mexicans
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